Alpha Arbutin reduces the looks of spots and hyper-pigmentation. It's used at a high 2% concentration versus a standard concentration of 1% and supported with a next-generation form of Hyaluronic Acid for enhanced delivery. Alpha Arbutin is much stronger in effect than Arbutin or Beta Arbutin. Extremely effective in treating hyperpigmentation/pigmentation. Note: Alpha Arbutin is extremely sensitive to degradation in the presence of water if the pH of the formulation is not ideal. The pH of this formula is approximately 4.9 which is shown to be the most suitable pH to minimize degradation of Alpha Arbutin. - pH: 4.85-4.90- water free, alcohol free, silicone free, oil free, vegan, nut-free, gluten-free, cruelty-free.Ingredients: Aqua (Water), Alpha-Arbutin, Polyacrylate Crosspolymer-6, Hydrolyzed Sodium Hyaluronate, Propanediol, PPG-26-Buteth-26, PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Lactic Acid, Trisodium Ethylenediamine Disuccinate, Ethoxydiglycol, Phenoxyethanol, Chlorphenesin. Directions: Apply a few drops to face in the AM and PM as part of your skincare regimen. Use sun protection in the AM. Expirable : NoCategory Type : FaceSuitable Skin Type : All Skin TypeTexture : SerumRecommended Use : WhiteningSize : 30 mlType : MoisturizersBrand : The Ordinary